How did 168 conquistadors take down the Incan empire?

The fall of the Inca Empire to a small force of Spanish conquistadors, particularly the 168 led by Francisco Pizarro, can be attributed to a combination of factors:

1. Technology and Weaponry

Spanish conquistadors had advanced weaponry, including steel swords, crossbows, and firearms, which were far superior to the Inca weapons made of bronze and stone.

2. Horses

The Spaniards possessed horses, which provided a significant tactical advantage in both mobility and shock value during battles. The Inca had never encountered cavalry before, leading to initial demoralization and fear.

3. Tactics and Strategy

Pizarro utilized effective military strategies, including ambushes and surprise attacks. He capitalized on the Inca’s internal conflicts and civil strife, particularly between Atahualpa and Huáscar, which weakened the Incan resistance.

4. Alliances with Indigenous Groups

The Spanish forged alliances with rival indigenous groups who were enemies of the Incas, such as the Huanca and the Chanca. These alliances provided valuable local knowledge and additional manpower.

5. Disease

Before the Spaniards arrived, European diseases like smallpox had already decimated the Inca population, leading to widespread illness and weakening the social structure, making it easier for the conquistadors to conquer the territory.

6. Capture of Atahualpa

Pizarro’s capture of the Inca emperor Atahualpa during the Battle of Cajamarca in 1532 dealt a severe blow to Inca morale and leadership. The ransom paid for Atahualpa’s release, although huge, did not prevent the Spaniards from executing him, further destabilizing the Inca leadership.

7. Political Instability

The Inca Empire faced significant political instability due to its vast size and diverse cultures. This fragmentation made it difficult to consolidate a unified defense against the Spanish invasion.

These factors, combined with the Spanish’s desire for gold and other riches, ultimately led to the rapid conquest of the Inca Empire despite their relatively small numbers.